Empress Dowager Cixi - Chinese History

Few people in history have been as thoroughly vilified as the Empress Dowager Cixi (sometimes spelled Tzu Hsi), one of the last empresses of Chinas Qing Dynasty. Depicted in writings by English contemporaries in the foreign service as cunning, treacherous and sex-crazed, Cixi was painted as a caricature of a woman, and a symbol of Europeans beliefs about the Orient in general. She is not the only female ruler to suffer this indignity. Scurrilous rumors abound about women from Cleopatra to Catherine the Great. Still, Cixi received some of the worst press in history. After a century of defamation, her life and reputation finally are being re-examined. Cixis Early Life The Empress Dowagers early life is shrouded in mystery. We do know that she was born November 29, 1835, to a noble Manchu family in China, but even her birth-name is not recorded. Her fathers name was Kuei Hsiang of the Yehenara clan; her mothers name is not known. A number of other stories - that the girl was a beggar who sang in the streets for money, that her father was addicted to opium and gambling, and that the child was sold to the emperor as a sex-slave - seem to be pure European embroidery. In truth, Qing imperial policy forbade the publication of personal details, so foreign observers simply made up stories to fill in the gaps. Cixi the Concubine In 1849, when the girl was fourteen, she was one of 60 nominees for the position of an imperial concubine. She was probably eager to be chosen, since she once said, I have had a very hard life ever since I was a young girl. I was not a bit happy when with my parents... My sisters had everything they wanted, while I was, to a great extent, ignored altogether. (Seagrave, 25) Fortunately, after a two-year preparation period, the then-Empress Dowager selected her as an imperial concubine from among the large pool of Manchu and Mongol girls. Qing emperors were forbidden from taking Han Chinese wives or concubines. She would serve Emperor Xianfeng as a fourth-rank concubine. Her name was recorded simply as Lady Yehenara after her fathers clan. A Birth and a Death Xianfeng had one empress (Niuhuru), two consorts, and eleven concubines. This was a small assortment, relative to earlier emperors; as the budget was tight. His favorite was a consort, who bore him a daughter, but while she was pregnant, he spent time with Cixi. Cixi also soon became pregnant  and gave birth to a boy on April 27, 1856. Little Zaichun was Xianfengs only son, so his birth greatly improved his mothers standing in court. During the Second Opium War (1856-1860), Western troops looted and burned the lovely Summer Palace. On top of existing health problems, this shock is said to have killed the 30-year-old Xianfeng. Co-Empresses Dowager On his death-bed, Xianfeng made contradictory statements about the succession, which was not guaranteed to Zaichun. He did not formally name an heir before he died on August 22, 1861. Still, Cixi made sure that her 5-year-old son became the Tongzhi Emperor. A regency council of four ministers and four nobles assisted the child emperor, while the Empress Niuhuru and Cixi were named co-Empresses Dowager. The Empresses each controlled a royal seal, meant to be a mere formality, but which could be used as a form of veto. When the ladies opposed a decree they refused to stamp it, converting the protocol into real power. The Xinyou Palace Coup One of the ministers on the regency council, Su Shun, was intent on becoming the sole power behind the throne or perhaps even wresting the crown away from the child emperor. Though Emperor Xianfeng had named both Empresses Dowager as regents, Su Shun tried to cut out Cixi and take her imperial seal. Cixi publicly denounced Su Shun and allied herself with Empress Niuhuru and three imperial princes against him. Su Shun, who controlled the treasury, cut off food and other household items for the Empresses, but they would not give in. When the royal household returned to Beijing for the funeral, Su Shun was arrested and charged with subversion. Despite his high post, he was beheaded in the public vegetable market. Two princely co-conspirators were allowed to die by suicide. Two Young Emperors The new regents faced a difficult period in Chinas history. The country struggled to pay indemnities for the Second Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) was in full swing in the south. Breaking with Manchu tradition, the Empresses Dowager appointed competent Han Chinese generals and officials to high office in order to deal with these problems. In 1872, the 17-year-old Tongzhi Emperor married Lady Alute. The following year he was made emperor regnant, although some historians charge that he was functionally illiterate and often neglecting matters of state. On January 13, 1875, he died of smallpox at just 18. The Tongzhi Emperor did not leave an heir, so the Empresses Dowager had to select an appropriate replacement. By Manchu custom, the new emperor should have been from the next generation after Tongzhi, but no such boy existed. They settled instead on Cixis sisters 4-year-old son, Zaitian, who became the Guangxu Emperor. At this time, Cixi was often bed-ridden with a liver ailment. In April of 1881, Empress Dowager Niuhuru suddenly died at the age of 44, possibly of a stroke. Naturally, rumors quickly spread through the foreign legations that Cixi had poisoned her, although Cixi was herself probably too ill to have had any part in a plot. She would not recover her own health until 1883. Guangxu Emperors Reign In 1887, the timid Emperor Guaungxu came of age at 16, but the court postponed his accession ceremony. Two years later, he married Cixis niece Jingfen (although he reportedly did not find her long face very attractive). At that time, a fire broke out in the Forbidden City, which caused some observers to worry that the Emperor and Cixi had lost the Mandate of Heaven. When he took power in his own name at 19, Guangxu wanted to modernize the army and bureaucracy, but Cixi was wary of his reforms. She moved to the new Summer Palace to be out of his way, nonetheless. In 1898, Guangxus reformers in court were tricked into agreeing to cede sovereignty to Ito Hirobumi, Japans former Prime Minister. Just as the Emperor was about to formalize the move, troops controlled by Cixi stopped the ceremony. Guangxu was disgraced and retired to an island in the Forbidden City. The Boxer Rebellion In 1900, Chinese discontent with foreign demands and aggression erupted into the anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion, also called the Righteous Harmony Society Movement. Initially, the Boxers included the Manchu Qing rulers among the foreigners they opposed, but in June 1900, Cixi threw her support behind them, and they became allies. The Boxers executed Christian missionaries and converts all over the country, tore down churches, and laid siege to the foreign trade legations in Peking for 55 days. Inside the Legation Quarter, men, women and children from the UK, Germany, Italy, Austria, France, Russia and Japan were huddled, along with Chinese Christian refugees. In the fall of 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance (the European powers plus the US and Japan) sent an expeditionary force of 20,000 to raise the siege on the Legations. The force went up-river and captured Beijing. The final death toll from the rebellion is estimated at almost 19,000 civilians, 2,500 foreign troops and about 20,000 Boxers and Qing troops. Flight from Peking With the foreign forces approaching Peking, on August 15, 1900, Cixi dressed in peasant garb and fled from the Forbidden City in an ox cart, along with Emperor Guangxu and their retainers. The Imperial Party made its way far to the west, to the ancient capital of Xian (formerly Changan). The Empress Dowager called their flight a tour of inspection, and in fact, she did become more aware of the conditions for ordinary Chinese people during their travels. After some time, the Allied Powers sent a conciliatory message to Cixi in Xian, offering to make peace. The Allies would allow Cixi to continue her rule, and would not demand any land from the Qing. Cixi agreed to their terms, and she and the Emperor returned to Peking in January of 1902. The End of Cixis Life After her return to the Forbidden City, Cixi set out to learn all she could from the foreigners. She invited Legation wives to tea  and instituted reforms modeled on those in Meiji Japan. She also distributed prize Pekingese dogs (previously kept only in the Forbidden City) to her European and American guests. On November 14, 1908, the Guangxu Emperor died of acute arsenic poisoning. Although she was quite ill herself, Cixi installed the late Emperors nephew, the 2-year-old Puyi, as the new Xuantong Emperor. Cixi died the following day. The Empress Dowager in History For decades, the Empress Dowager Cixi was described as a devious and depraved tyrant, based largely on the writings of people who did not even know her, including J.O.P. Bland and Edmund Backhouse. However, contemporary accounts by Der Ling and Katherine Carl, as well as later scholarship by Hugh Trevor-Roper and Sterling Seagrave, paint a very different picture. Rather than a power-mad harridan with a harem of faux eunuchs, or a woman who poisoned most of her own family, Cixi comes across as an intelligent survivor who learned to navigate Qing politics  and rode the wave of very troubled times for 50 years. Sources: Seagrave, Sterling. Dragon Lady: The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China, New York: Knopf, 1992. Trevor-Roper, Hugh. Hermit of Peking: The Hidden Life of Sir Edmund Backhouse, New York: Knopf, 1977. Warner, Marina. The Dragon Empress: The Life and Times of Tzu-Hsi, Empress Dowager of China 1835-1908, New York: Macmillan, 1972.

Experiment And Observation Conducted By Shelly Harryman

Preschool Observation This paper is a report of experiment and observation conducted by this writer Shelly Harryman. The date and time of observation was November 9, 2017, between the hours of 4:00 pm and 5:00 pm. The subject s name is in the experiment are Deegan Harryman, who is a 6-year-old and Jay Harris, who is is a 10-year-old. The following information will provide a detailed analysis of the what cognitive developmental stage each child is in and why those levels determine the response each child gives. The information in this paper will reflect my personal observation and refer to the text Development Through the Lifespan by Laura Berk 2014. Location For the purpose of these experiments, my main living room was the location†¦show more content†¦Deegan confirmed both glasses had the same amount of water. I then poured water from one glass into the tall skinny glass and moved it next to the other glass I had not touched. When asking Deegan which one had more, he pointed to the tall skinny glass. He explained that the tall skinny glass had water â€Å"up to hear†. After that, I poured the water from the tall skinny glass back into its original container and repeated my question of which had more. Deegan responded they both had the same. This same process was repeated for Jay. However, Jay responded that there was no change to the amount of liquid and that only the containers were different. Area Conservation Task To examine the area of conservation, I used two identical balls of clay. Deegan confirmed that the balls were identical. I then rolled one out into a hotdog shape and asked â€Å"does this clay have more (pointing to the clay ball), does this clay have more (pointing to the hotdog shape), or do they have the same amount? Deegan stated that the hotdog shaped clay had more because it was longer. I then rolled the hotdog shape clay back into a ball and repeated the questioning of which one had more. Deegan stated they had the same again. I did the same experiment with Jay, but his responses were different than that of Deegan’s. Jay stated that the clay was equal despite one being rolled out into a hotdog shape. Jay stated that I â€Å"only changed the shape†. Number Conservation Task

Alcoholics Anonymous Field Visit Report Essay - 2158 Words

Alcoholics Anonymous Field Visit Report Alcoholics Anonymous is a self-help organization made up of men and women, young and old, who come together to share their experiences with alcohol, and to express their hope and strength with one another so that they can overcome the illness of alcoholism and then help others to recover. A.A. was first started by two men in 1935. One man from New York, Bill W., who was a stockbroker and another man from Ohio, Dr. Bob who was a surgeon. At one point Bill had wondered how one of his friends had achieved his abstinence, and his friend told him that he achieved it through religion. His friend explained that it was based on the principles laid down in a movement known as the Oxford Movement.†¦show more content†¦This idea of alcoholics helping each other spread slowly throughout until 1939. At this point, a group of a hundred sober members wrote and published the book Alcoholics Anonymous, which they refer to now as the â€Å"Big Book.† In 1941, A.A. become widely k nown because of an article printed in a national magazine that was widely read, The Saturday Evening Post. (Kinney Leaton, page 268). In A.A. there are no dues or fees, the only requirement is a desire to stop drinking. â€Å"One of the basic tenets of this group is that the alcoholic is biologically different from the nonalcoholic person and therefore can never safely drink any alcohol at all.† (Ray Ksir, page 253). Alcoholics Anonymous includes a creed which is made up of twelve steps and twelve traditions. The Twelve steps are briefly: 1) admitting that one is powerless over alcohol, 2) to believe in a power greater than themselves, 3) a decision to turn their will and life over to God â€Å"as they understand him,† 4) making a moral inventory of themselves, 5) admitting the exact nature of their wrongs, 6) ready to have God remove all defects of character, 7) humility, 8) making amends to those they have harmed, 9) making amends to those wherever it is possible, 10) admitting to taking personal inventory when wrong, 11) praying for a better contact with God, and 12) spreading the message of what has been learned to others with the problem. (Hayman, page 171). 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Viola and Beatrice in Twelfth Night and Much Ado About...

Viola and Beatrice both take on mens roles, Viola that of a manservant and Beatrice that of the perpetual bachelor and the clown: I was born to speak all mirth and no matter, she says to Don Pedro [II.i.343-4]. They appear to be actors and manipulators, much more so than their female predecessors, who are mostly reactive and manipulated, such as Hermia, Helena, Titania, and Gertrude. None of these women seemed in charge of her own destiny, but tricked by the schemes of men and later scorned or humiliated as a result of male machinations. Viola and Beatrice, although they both seem fiercely independent and comfortable in a mans world, reveal themselves to have only the trappings of manhood, and not its full capacity for action.†¦show more content†¦Viola is disconcerted at being confused with Sebastian in Twelfth Nights final acts, but this confusion is not one plotted by men. She and Beatrice remain two of Shakespeares few undeceived women. Beatrice lives the jocular life of a bachelor man, but will not take on the mans office of killing Claudio. In the same way, Viola wishes to retain the freedom and anonymity that life as a man grants her, but balks when it comes to drawing swords. Both attempt rely on the subtler feminine tools at their disposal instead of steel, but in doing so confine themselves to the frailer role of woman. Beatrice maneuvers Benedick into promising to right Hero, and Viola attempts to talk her way out of a swordfight. Viola complains of womens frailty [II.ii.32-3] with respect to Olivia, but her own weakness also prevents her from taking direct action to undo the love triangle in which she has become a corner. She concludes the scene with, O time! thou must untangle this, not I; It is too hard a knot for me to untie! 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Why do we age Free Essays

Why do we age? I recently took part in 5 experiments undergoing everyday activities to see how it feels to be; ; Blind Bone density problems Hearing difficulties To have limited fine motor skills Memory loss First activity I took part In expected us to try clothes on (that required buttons) to be able to fasten the buttons wearing thick mittens and gloves. The mittens and the gloves resembled the elderly and the Limited fine motor skills (finger movements required to fasten the buttons). This task got me very frustrated as It was very difficult to fasten the buttons because as you get older your receptors become less insensitive this is linked to the fact that the brain and nervous system goes through natural changes, your brain and spinal cord lose nerve cells and weight therefore nerve cells begin to pass messages more slowly, a breakdown of nerves can affect your senses. We will write a custom essay sample on Why do we age or any similar topic only for you Order Now You might have reduced or lost reflexes or sensation. This leads to problems with movement and safety. This can affect people’s self-confidence as they may not understand their own weaknesses making it hard for them to trust themselves to do anything. The mittens and thick gloves resembled this as it was almost as if my fingers were numb and I found it hard to control them in a way I wanted to causing me feel empathy towards the elderly who do suffer with these everyday tasks. The second activity I took part in was listening to a video clip with the volume turned down, this resembled the elderly with hearing difficulties as I really had to strain to hear the smallest sound. It usually is the higher pitched sounds that seem to be harder to hear as we get older and also it is more difficult for the elderly to hear voice and conversations whilst there is background noise, I could hear the lower pitched oases such as the laughter in the background but not the detailed Information In the conversations. As you age, structures Inside the ear start to change and their functions decline. Your ability to pick up sounds decreases. You may also have problems maintaining your balance as you sit, stand, and walk. This could affect a person’s self-confidence and self-Image as they may feel embarrassed If they lose balance or have to ask again for someone to repeat themselves when really It Is Just a natural occurrence that happens to us all. Linked to the sensory system controlling your senses such as hearing, sense of smell, taste and sight. The third activity I took part in required me to read a prescription and separate some elderly face, when you get older your eyesight not only adjusts more slowly to change in distances and light changes from daylight to night vision but if the prescription is hand written it could be more difficult for the elderly to read and understand also the font or printing of the prescription could have the same effect. If the elderly person is not only having eyesight difficulties but also could be prone to diseases such as Parkinson for example and might not be physically able to separate the pills onto the specific days this could be a problem as it could have a potential life risk, if they need to take pills every day and they could not be able to do so. All of the eye structures change with aging. The cornea becomes less sensitive, so injuries may not be noticed. By the time you turn 60, your pupils decrease to about one third of the size they were when you were 20. The lens becomes yellowed, less flexible, and slightly cloudy. The fat pads supporting the eyes decrease in amount and the eyes sink into their sockets. The eye muscles become less able to fully rotate the eye. The fourth activity I took part in was making Christmas cards with our eyes restricted by wearing glasses with numerous of different blockages for our eyesight, so we was completely or partially blind, we had to write the card, decorate the card and put it in the envelope. This task was particularly difficult and frustrating as it was physically impossible to do the task without messing up, as you don’t know if you have already included the information or how neat it was. As we age the most common in sight difficulties is trouble focusing on something close, such as reading, writing and itching television this is called presbyters, it also gets harder to tell the colors apart but for our activity this was relevant as we tried different glasses on which reduced our eyesight to different limits. This could affect someone self-esteem as they may feel they are getting worse as they age and not feeling good enough as they once did in their younger days. The last activity I took part in was attaching heavy weights onto my arms and doing daily tasks such as brushing our teeth and brushing our hair for 2-5 minutes, we felt the strain and this resembles an elderly person who may suffer with bone density robbers most common in women after menopause, this may leave you feeling weak as when we age our muscle mass naturally decreases as our bones lose calcium, linked to the musculoskeletal system. The decrease of muscles for an elderly person could create a serious risk for daily activities as if they fall they wouldn’t be able to brace themselves properly and ease the fall as their muscles may not be strong enough to hold themselves. This could affect someone’s self-esteem as they may change their own opinion of themselves may see themselves as Weak’ when really the decrease of muscles begins Just after 30 years of age. How to cite Why do we age, Papers

Dengue Virus Serotypes in Asymptomatic Donors - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDengue Virus Serotypes in Asymptomatic Blood Donors. Answer: Background According to the reports of World Health organization (2017), dengue has become one of the severe diseases in recent decades and most of the Asian and Latin American countries are suffering from its severity. This is a viral infection originated through mosquitoes and the virus is carried by mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (World Health Organization, 2017). Recently the American Association of Blood Banks and Center of Disease control and Prevention has recommended to screen for the DENV serotypes while blood transfusion, as the rate of diffusion of dengue virus through blood donations has been reported in several studies (Walsh, 2016) Methods DENV serotype screening has been suggested by the American Association of Blood Bank and Center for Disease Control and Prevention as two Brazilian cities Recife and Rio de Janeiro reported transfusion of RNA positive blood units to 35 recipients, within which 6 developed the disease, however the KSA health authority still do not recommend such screening in western epidemic region of KSA (Levy, 2016). There are two methods to identify DENV serotypes in blood samples, by seizing the non-structural viral protein as well as by conducting RT-PCR. The researcher used an IVD TaqMan multiplex assay to screen the DENV RNA and connected that with the DENV IgG and IgM. In this cross sectional study, the western epidemic province was selected for the study and after obtaining ethical sanction from the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Ethics Committee and consent from the 910 participants ranging from 25 to 55 years, blood samples were collected from the blood bank of Hira general hospital an d the regional laboratory of holy Makkah between march 2015 to august 2016 (Ashshi, 2017). These participants were declared eligible as per the regulations of KSA ministry of health and after centrifugation of 10 ml sample, 500 aliquot samples were stored in -80 degree Celsius for further PCR and ELISA tests. For the ELISA detection, the researcher used certified kits for the detection of Igg and IgM against the DENV serotype in the blood sample of the participants. Depending on the ratio of IgG and IgM found in the blood, the donors were denoted primary source or secondary source of infection. Further for the detection of DENV serotype, Fast Track Diagnosis Dengue differentiation kit was used for the TaqMan RT-PCR process and the participants were divided in 6 categories according to the DENV serological results (Ashshi, 2017). The results were statistically analysed using SPSS (V 16) and the complete rate of noticing anti-dengue antibodies was 5.5% for IgM and 39% for IgG. Further as per the ratio of IgG and IgM, the overall rate of prevalence was found to 2.3% for secondary infection and 3.2% for primary infection. While the multiplex PCR assay was able to identify the serotype 2 in maximum of the 910 participants and DENV-4 serotype was found in more than 38 percent of the participant s. Therefore, the study was successful to identify serotype 4 in the epidemic region of KSA, and showed that the prevalence of serotype 4 was almost similar to the serotype 2 (Ashshi, 2017). The research was successfully able to demonstrate that blood transfusion is one of the prime way of transmission of dengue as 5.5% prevalence of dengue was detected through PCR. This study however, was proven to be progressive as it was able to detect serotype 4 in the western KSA region. Further, it should also be noted from the research that serotype 4 was identified in the participants, who were positive to IgM antibodies in the ELISA test (Ashshi, 2017). Results While discussing the results, it should be mentioned that according to the reports of WHO, last few decades witnessed the immigration of 10 million of migrant independent workers especially from Pakistan and India, where the DENV-4 is widespread (UN DESA, 2017). Further, due to the increase in tourism sector, visitors from countries where DENV serotype 1 and 3 is prevalent has visited KSA, increasing the occurrence of those serotypes in the region. Therefore, the two main findings from this research was finding all four serotype in the eligible donors determines the endemic nature of dengue and further 56% of secondary donors within the participants determined that transfusion of dengue through the blood of eligible donors is a major concern and the KSA healthcare authorities should focus on the issue particularly in the endemic region of the country (Ashshi, 2017). (Fig. 1 determines the prevalence of IgM and IgG among all the 4 serotypes of DENV, Ashshi, 2017) Discussion However, in spite of the success regarding establishment of DENV-4 serotype in the blood transfusion of KSA, several shortcomings were inherited within the research analysis. According to Meyers, Gamst Guarino (2016), to establish any research finding, it is important for the group of researcher to conduct confirmatory tests regarding the process. The research of Ashshi (2017), was able to find the serotype 4 in the blood serum of eligible donors however, for the confirmation of the statement, they did not carried out other diagnostic techniques such as NSI or viral isolation. Further, the major limitation of the study was inability to identify the viral load in the blood, which would help to recognize that those blood samples were able to develop dengue with serotype 4 or not (Furtado et al., 2012). Therefore, the selection of PCR kit for the detection of serotype 4 was a limitation for the study. Similarly, the usage of ELISA for the qualitative detection of IgM and IgG using the Panbio,Brisbane, QLD, Australia Kit was one of the major limitations. The primary reason behind it was the presence of heterophilic antibodies in the provided antibody of the kit that interferes with the immunoassay. According to Panbio (2018), these are antibodies raised in animal samples that lead to cross react with reagent antibodies added in the ELISA assay, and creates a false positive result. Further the serological cross reactivity is a common phenomenon that misleads the research by detecting the presence of DENV antigens within the assay. Therefore, accurate results are not produced. On the other hand, through this research, the researchers determined that current measures regarding the inhibition of dengue is not appropriate and a selected section of KSA should be monitored to control the blood transfusion of the disease. However, according to Schlenke (2016), the modern technique and pathogen inactivation technologies that has been implemented currently in the process, h elps to limit the blood transfusion of diseases and has sifted the paradigm towards the manufacturing of safe and disease free blood. Hence, the KSA government should enhance its pathogen inactivation technologies instead of wasting its resources for continuous monitoring of blood donation events (Schlenke, 2016). Therefore, while critically analyzing the research article, it should be mentioned that more such researches should be conducted in the KSA endemic region to understand the rate of disease occurrence and the frequency of infection using more than one research method so that the result can be established for further disease management process (Meyers, Gamst Guarino, 2016). Conclusion This research was targeted to identify dengue serotypes in the blood donated by the eligible donors of endemic region of KSA for dengue. As the disease was asymptomatic and no previous research present to identify DENV 4 in KSA, this research was of huge importance for the healthcare sector of KSA. Due to increased amount of travelers, and the home of more than 10 million independent workers from India and Pakistan where the serotype 4 is prevalent, KSA eventually become endemic to dengue. Further, by identifying the serotype 4 in the blood samples of donors, the research established the fact that current measures regarding inhibition of dengue is not sufficient and screening of blood donations should be screened in the prevalent region of KSA to prevent the transfusion of dengue in the province. References Al-Johar, A. W., Al-Saud, A., Abalkhail, Y., Jawdat, T., Al-Khamees, S., Faisal, A. T., Abdel-Gader, A. G. (2016). Why do-Saudi Women Refrain Donating Their Blood?--a Study on the Attitude, Belief and Motivation of Saudi Female University Students Towards Blood Donation.Clinical laboratory,62(5), 771-779. Ashshi, A. M. (2017). The prevalence of dengue virus serotypes in asymptomatic blood donors reveals the emergence of serotype 4 in Saudi Arabia.Virology journal,14(1), 107. Furtado, M. D. S. B. S., Andrade, R. G., Romanelli, L. C. F., Ribeiro, M. A., Ribas, J. G., Torres, E. B., ... Martins, M. L. (2012). Monitoring the HTLV?1 proviral load in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic carriers and patients with HTLV?associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis from a Brazilian cohort: ROC curve analysis to establish the threshold for risk disease.Journal of medical virology,84(4), 664-671. Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. E., Cheema, A. (2013). Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,26(3), 213-224. Levi, J. E. (2016). Dengue Virus and Blood Transfusion,The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 213(5), 1 March 2016, Pages 689690 Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., Guarino, A. J. (2016).Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation, 3rd edn, pp. 123-145, Sage publications. Panbio. (2018).DENGUE IgM CAPTURE ELISA.Rootbio.com. Retrieved 15 March 2018, from https://www.rootbio.com/admin/download/2009216131852707.pdf Schlenke, P. (2014). Pathogen inactivation technologies for cellular blood components: an update.Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy,41(4), 309-325. UN DESA. (2017).New UN DESA report finds numbers of migrants continue to rise | UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 5 March 2018, from https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/international-migration-report-2017.html Walsh, G. M., Shih, A. W., Solh, Z., Golder, M., Schubert, P., Fearon, M., Sheffield, W. P. (2016). Blood-borne pathogens: a Canadian Blood Services Centre for innovation symposium.Transfusion medicine reviews,30(2), 53-68. World Health Organization. (2017).Dengue and severe dengue.World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 March 2018, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/

Compare and Contrast Venn Diagram free essay sample

Squanto and Powhatan Compare and contrast Venn diagram Squanto Powhatan Similarities Went to England. Was fluent in English. Was a friend of the pilgrims. The only survivor of his tribe. Chief of his tribe. Ruled with an iron grip. Attacked the settlers. Both Indians. Acknowledged that the English were superior. Both helped the settlers. 2. Compare and contrast two different Native American Tribes. | Tribe #1: Wampanoag| Tribe #2: Cherokee| Government    |   The Wampanoag were organized as a confederacy with lesser sachems and sagamores under the authority of a Grand Sachem. During the early 1800s, the Cherokee adopted their government to a written constitution. They established their own courts and schools, and achieved a standard of living that was the envy of their white neighbors. The Wampanoag were a horticultural people who supplemented their agriculture with hunting and fishing. |   The Cherokee were horticulturalists, raising cereal and vegetable crops on a swidden basis and supplementing their subsistence through hunting, fishing, and collecting. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Venn Diagram or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Religion    |   The Wampanoags religion was called Spiritualism. They thanked Mother Earth, animals, plants, birds, fish, and all living things for the gifts they gave to the Wampanoag. The Cherokees had a strong belief that there were certain beings who came down from the skies formed the world, the moon and the stars. It was believed that the world was created at the time of the new moon of autumn, when the fruits of the earth were ripe. Culture    |   The Wampanoag subsisted, as did other tribes of the Eastern Woodlands, on the Three Sisters (maize, beans, and squash) along with the fruits of hunting, fishing and gathering. Unlike tribes of the Iroquois, the Wampanoag lived in wetus instead of longhouses. |   The Cherokee were a settled, agricultural people living in approximately 200 fairly, large villages. The typical Cherokee town consisted of 30 to 60 houses and a large council house. Homes were usually wattle and daub, a circular framework interwoven with branches (like an upside-down basket) and plastered with mud