Examining The Psychological Offender Profiling Investigation Criminology Essay

Examining The Psychological Offender Profiling Investigation Criminology Essay Offender Profiling is an investigative tool that is used by psychologists to help them work out exactly why a particular crime has been committed and why a criminal is behaving in a certain way. This tool is used to research the types of crimes people are committing and how an offender picks his or her victim. This method of research also helps the Criminal Justice System at a significant degree. It enables them to make a decision based upon the research and facts, which makes the overall verdict more ethical. The aim of Offender Profiling is to go beyond the facts and develop a hypothesis about the offender. Holmes Holmes (1996) suggests three objectives to meet this aim. These are to: 1) to provide the police with basic information about the certain personality attributes of the offender such as age, family, ethnicity, employment and marital status, 2) to suggest any belongings the offender may have that would lead him to committing this crime and 3) to provide interviewing strategies and suggestions the police may use when questioning a suspect. The British approach on Offender Profiling is very different to the American approach. The British approach does not categorise crimes and try to fit them into theories but takes a more scientific approach to analysing every possible data of a crime and using these to develop the profile, whereas the American approach (FBI) to developing an offender profile is different to this. Their approach has been developed from an initial sample of interviews with 36 convicted serial sexual murderers, together with detailed information from crime scenes i.e. the location and timing of the crimes, medical examination reports, any crimes that have already been committed in the neighbourhood, the victims whereabouts and the amount of forensic awareness shown by the offender.  [1]  This is done in order to help them establish a bigger picture of the crime and help them identify the psychology behind it. Offender Profiling was first used in the Second World War to see if there were any weaknesses that can be exploited and enhanced for the future. For example, Langer conducted a profiling on Hitler and concluded that if he had lost the Second World War he would commit suicide. He was correct. After the defeat in 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide and passed away. Psychiatrists believe that the basic assumption of Offender Profiling is that the offenders have a certain fingerprint, in other words, certain behaviour at the crime scene which is a reflection of their personality and characteristics. For example, a criminal tying up the victim the psychological fingerprint behind this would be that the offender wants control and dominance over the offender in order to defeat them. Another example can be shown from a rape case. When an offender has committed rape they would wash the victim. The psychological fingerprint behind this would be that the criminal either feels some sort of remorse so he/she wants cleanse or that they want the case to be so inconspicuous that they even remove the victims pubic hair. How Offender Profiling influenced Courtroom The courtroom is very important in the British Criminal Justice System. There are two types of profiling techniques that are used in trials. The first is what we call deductive Offender Profiling, which concerns itself with the particular behavioural evidence of a case. Second is inductive profiling which assumes that when a criminal commits a crime, he or she will have a similar background and motive to others who have committed a similar crime. There are related problems of the use of Offender Profiling in the courtroom. The first is unawareness about the nature of Offender Profiling and physical evidence. The second is when the profilers are too zeal. When these two problems cross in a single case, it may be that an offender profiler gives opinions with strong confidence about circumstances and behaviours that are assumed and not established.  [2]   Interviewing Offender Profiling can help the CJS and the police in terms of suggesting effective ways of interviewing, related to specific criminal types. Not all will react to questioning in the same manner. An effective way of questioning for one person may be ineffective for someone else. This is because not all murderers commit murder for the same reason. This means depending on their reasons for committing a crime, they would need different strategies of questioning. An example can be shown by the murder of a young girl and her boyfriend in which the stepfather was the main suspect but there was no forensic evidence to convict him. When he was questioned in the usual way, he denied any involvement. The profiler suggested that as he was a man who had a great requirement for control, it would be good to ask for his help in solving the crime. Pretending to be doing this, the suspect was given lots of photographs of the crime scene and thinking he was in control of the investigation, became so o ccupied in talking about the case that he revealed more and more his knowledge with the crime until he eventually gave up and confessed.  [3]   Victims Offender Profiling certainly impacts victims in various ways. The most evident is that it helps police find their offender. The victim may be traumatised as a result of the offence and may feel threatened that the perpetrator will return therefore being scared to leave their home. If the offender is convicted, the victim will be relieved and at least try and continue with their normal life. Mental health Ressler (1992) says that mental health professionals have an interest in offender profiling and have also helped research in the study of criminal psychology. Thus, it is suggested that clinicians could be used to help the Criminal Justice System in suggesting ways of profiling and ways of treatment. Police Profiling can give the police a new or different direction in their attempt to catch the offender by reducing the list of suspects. This is by giving them information about the choice of victim, the location, anything that was said by the offender and the nature of the offense. These things may help to give the offender more of a personality, and thus help the police in their chase of the offender. Profiling is not aimed to tell the police who actually committed an offence; instead it aims to suggest to them some personality and demographic characteristics that the offender is likely to possess. If for example the police are investigating a number of rapes in the same area, they will be pleased to identify whether the same person has committed them. They will need to know if they should be look ­ing for one or several offenders. In addition, a profile can help police in reducing their list of suspects and to avoid wasting time on enquiries which are likely to be useless. If a suspe ct of the police does not match any of the profilers predictions then the police might spend less time following that particular person. In some case the profile may well fit someone whom the police already suspect and will therefore allow the police officers to concentrate their investigations on the most likely suspect. How Offender Profiling was used in real life cases During the period 1982-86, 24 sexual assaults occurred in North London near to railways. It was believed that one man committed all these crimes, though on some occasions he had someone that helped him out. Between 1985 and 1986 three murders occurred, and forensic evidence together with certain aspects of the attackers suggested that there were links between the rapes and murders. In 1986, police forces in South England were struggling to find the Railway Rapist, which then turned in to the Railway Killer. Dr. David Canter, a psychologist and criminologist was invited to compose British crimes first offender profile. When the offender, John Duffy, was later arrested and convicted, it turned out that 13 of Canters 17 announcements about the offender were correct. The case of Adrian Babb is another instance where Offender Profiling has been successful and therefore very helpful to the CJS. Between 1986 and 1988, seven attacks on elderly women took place in tower blocks in south Birmingham. Women aged 70-80 were followed into the lifts by a stocky young man who overwhelmed them and took them to the top floor of the tower block, where he raped them and escaped. The same patterns of the crimes suggested that the offense was committed by the same man. Because the criminal had a limited range of locations, victims and actions, this suggested that the offender was operating a limited world, wherein he was constrained in his actions. Victims reported the offender as black, athletic, without body scent and carrying a sports bag. He had no attempt to hide himself, thus he had no fear of being recognised and convicted. Canter labelled his approach Investigative Psychology, where he believes that offender goes beyond what he originally thought of Offender Profiling and covers a branch of applied psychology. Canter has a certain strategy that he uses within this investigation which helps him in finding the offender. He firstly tries to understand the types of crime individuals are likely to become involved in and the way the crime will be carried out. After that he tries to understand the way a criminal behaviour processes and how the crime mirrors their behaviour in their daily life. These led him to believe that there are associated activities that happen when a crime is being committed. He also believes that actions of offenders at the crime scene are likely to reveal something about their background. The important attributes Canter looks out for within his research are: location, biography, social and personal characteristics and occupational/ educational history. One other aspect of profiling is the methodological collection of data and statistical analysis. An example of this is when Canter and Heritage (1990) combed through the victim statements of 66 UK sexual assaults and with the use of statistics, they were able to identify clear patterns in the form of the attack. It is possible to group how the victim is treated in three ways, each giving clue to the offender. First is when the criminal treats the victim as a person this is when a conversation is involved in the duration of the attack, asking things to the with the womans love and personal life or complimenting her on her looks and body. This type of criminal believes that he is developing some sort of relationship with the victim and incorrectly thinks that the sexual assault produces closeness. The second is when the victim is treated as an object in this case, the victim may be blindfolded, while the offender tends to be covered. The offender here will mainly be concerned with control in the interaction of the rape. The third and final is when the victim is treated as vehicle when this is the case the offender uses violence to degrade the victim. The actions here are a mirror of the offenders anger and aggression. The third real life case I will discuss in the report is the case of Rachel Nickell, wherein Offender Profiling was used to help the police officers find the offender and help the CJS make a fair verdict. On 15th July 1992, a 23 year old model, Rachel Nickell, was walking with her son and her dog in Wimbledon Common when she was attacked and brutally killed. Alex (Nickells two year old son) was thrown into the bushes while Nickell was sexually assaulted, stabbed 49 times and had her throat cut. Another hiker who was also walking in the Common discovered Alex clinging to his mothers dead body, crying and pleading with her to get up. It was later found that Alex stuck a piece of paper on his mothers forehead in place of a plaster in attempt to make his mum better. The police tried their best to find the criminal but failed to do so. They felt under pressure and as a result, turned to a Forensic psychologist named Paul Britton, an expert in the science of Offender Profiling, and asked him to conduct an offender profile for this crime case. Britton had previously helped the police identify the killers of Jamie Bulger in Liverpool, and had worked on the Frederick West House of Horrors murders in Gloucester, and was felt to be the right man for the job.  [4]  A suspect was eventually identified by Britton and it was noted that he seemed to fit the profile well. A complex operation was planned by Britton, which was aiming to tempt Stagg into a confession using an undercover female police officer who faked a romantic interest in Stagg and a liking for Satanism. However, despite her efforts Stagg did not confess. Effectiveness of Offender Profiling in each case Canter (1990) is the UKs leading profiling expert; his approach looks out for the behaviour of the offender during the crime. In his approach no assumptions are made about the criminal and the approach relies heavily on facts. Canter believes that his approach has several advantages over crime scene analysis. First, his type of Offender Profiling draws directly on widely known psychological concepts. Second, his approach could be used extensively and should not be limited to just rape and murder. Finally, in his approach there is less chance for biased decision making. Canter argues that his approach is more scientific than the FBIs and as a result, his profiles are more useful in helping the police catch the actual offender and the CJS to make a fair verdict.  [5]   John Duffy, Railway Rapist For John Duffys case, Canter created a profile with the following key facts belonging to the rapist: The rapist would live in the area near some of the attacks. He would be living with his girlfriend or wife and will not have a child. He would be in his late 20s; his blood fluids would contain ABO antigens and he would be right-handed. He would be skilled in his job and work only at the weekends. He knows the railway system very well. He would have a criminal record of violence. This profile represents the use of behavioural characteristics to search for a criminal instead of pure forensic evidence from the crime scene. Out of 2000 suspects, Canter pinpointed the 1505th suspect, John Duffy, who was the actual offender. Duffy fit most of the profile, including a criminal conviction for raping his wife. The profile Canter developed matched 13 out of 17 details about Duffys characteristics. The remaining that didnt match Duffy was the biological characteristics; the offender was a lot shorter than victims remembered and many had described him as having black or even ginger hair. From the accuracy, it is evident that Offender Profiling has been a very effective investigative tool to use in this crime case.  [6]   Adrian Babb For Adrian Babbs case, Canter created a profile with the following key facts belonging to the attacker: Not violent because force is only used when necessary Athletic body suggests that that offender has an interest of solitary sports e.g. swimming or body-building Cleanliness and organisation suggests that he was obsessive No attempt to cover him or hide forensic evidence suggests that he was not aware of the procedures and therefore has not convicted before for this type of crime Ease with elderly women suggests that he dealt with elderly people in non-offence background Knowledge of tower blocks suggests that he lives in one Based on this profile, a police officer searched through the records of minor sexual offenders and found a match between Babbs fingerprints and those at the crime scene. It is evident that Offender Profiling has been a very effective tool to utilise in this case because it has helped the police catch the offender. From the above, we can see that Canters predictions were very accurate. As Canter clearly stated in the profile, the offender must have had no forensic awareness or knowledge of the likely procedures as he made no attempt to disguise himself. This was a very valuable point that led to the arrest of Babb. As Canter also predicted, Babb attended the swimming pool very often hence the cleanliness and the lack of body odour and also looked after sessions for the elderly. Rachel Nickell Brittons first task was to set up a clear picture of the kind of person Rachel was by interviewing her family and friends. His initial thoughts related to Alex, Nickells son. The fact that Alex was not harmed meant that Rachel had not known the offender and so this was not likely to be a domestic murder. The nature of the attack pointed towards a violent sexual psychopath. Based on his past interactions with sexual killers, Britton drew up a profile of the offender with the following points: The offender would be aged between 20 and 30 because the majority of sexual attacks are committed by young men He would not have the ability to relate to women in normal conversation. He would either have a history of failed or unsatisfactory relationships or no relationship history He would suffer from some form of sexual dysfunction He would be attracted to pornography which would play a role in his sexual fantasy life He would only have average intelligence and education because the attack was brutal If employed, he would work in an unskilled or labouring occupation He would be single and have a relatively isolated lifestyle He would have lonely hobbies and interests He would live within easy walking distance of Wimbledon Common and would be thoroughly familiar with it He would be very likely to kill another young woman at some point in the future. Colin Stagg was the named that cropped up four times after the murderers profile was broadcasted on Crimewatch. Stagg fitted Brittons profile precisely. During the police interview Stagg denied any involvement in the crime, but his answers to questions made stronger the match with Brittons profile. The police could find no physical evidence connecting Stagg to the murder but he remained the number one suspect. The complex operation which was planned by Britton had an adverse effect on the whole case. The evidence of Brittons profile and the information obtained from Lizzie James was thrown out of court and the defence argued that Brittons evidence was speculative and supported only by his instinct. Stagg was set free and Rachels killer was never found. This shows how Offender Profiling can be misused, misunderstood and misinterpreted if not conducted in a scientific way. Conclusion There are many arguments discussing the effectiveness of Offender Profiling, some of which are positive and some which are negative. Even though there have been less publicised cases where Offender Profiling was less accurate e.g. Copson (1995), it can still be a very useful tool in terms of helping the police find the offender. However it is important for the police to be careful not to be blinded to other possibilities. Occasionally criminals do not fit the profile and over use could lead to misjudgement of the Criminal Justice System. Offender profiling is more prediction than science based and therefore the validity is debated. Due to the fact that there is no hard evidence to work from, it is not possible to gain a definite result. Stereotype can be another factor that affects the way a criminal is profiled. For example, it may be that most rapists are single men that live on their own or with their parents but this may not always be the case and could lead to an inaccurate prof ile being created if the criminal is a married man who lives with his family. To assess the effectiveness of this investigative tool different research has been conducted. For example, Britton (1992) sent out questionnaires to the Criminal Investigation Department to identify the number of cases where an offender had been profiled led to arrest. He found that the results were mostly negative in the sense that most cases that were profiled did not lead to arrest. However, the majority of the respondents commented that it could have had a lot of potential in their experience of Offender Profiling.  [7]  

Data Analysis for Research Essay

Scenario 1: Customer Perceptions of the Toyota Brand WKB Toyota in Chichester want to investigate customer attitudes towards the Toyota brand, to see if the press coverage regarding mechanical failures during 2009-2010 have had any long-term impacts on customer loyalty and potential sales to new customers. In the first instance, WKB can offer access to their own marketing database. Scenario 2: Market Segmentation for Visit Chichester Visit Chichester is in the process of realigning its marketing strategy to key customer groups in order to more effectively promote the visitor economy in the Chichester District. As part of the process they wish to conduct research to investigate current attitudes towards the Visit Chichester website. They wish to seek views from across a range of profiles including families with children, couples, and the retired market. The results will be used to determine the structure and content of the new Visit Chichester website. Scenario 3: NatWest Banking Charter Following its widespread publicity campaign, which included TV adverts and street billboards, and as part of its commitment to customer service, NatWest wish to undertake research to establish the impact of its Customer Charter. More specifically, they want to ascertain whether it has lead to a discernible improvement in customers’ perception of the bank’s service quality. They also wish to undertake an internal audit to assess whether staff have noticed an impact of the Charter. Scenario 4: The Green Economy The West Sussex Sustainable Business Partnership has commissioned the University of Chichester undertake research assessing the level of sustainable business practice by businesses across a range of sectors in West Sussex. Specifically the WSSBP would like to establish the extent to which businesses are adopting green measures in key areas such as operations management, purchasing, and energy management. They also want to establish business awareness of available support for going green, and general business attitudes to the green agenda. The results will help WSSBP help businesses prepare for the green economy being championed by the coalition Government. Scenario 5: HMV Music In the light of poor trading figures, and the imminent closure of 60 of its UK branches, HMV want to undertake research to ascertain the factors that are causing poor sales and determine which product lines should be continued and which ones should be discarded. They are also interested in how they can improve their online sales performance as part of a realignment of their retail strategy. Scenario 6: Tourism Industry Response to Recession and Recovery The Sussex Tourism Partnership have commissioned the University to undertake research into the impact of recession on the tourism industry in Sussex, and the strategic response adopted by tourism businesses, including accommodation providers and attractions. They wish to establish the degree to which different sectors have felt the impact of recession, either positively or negatively, and identify the key measures these businesses have taken to remain competitive in the current downturn. Scenario 7: Evaluation of Goodwood Motor Racing Events The Goodwood Road Racing Company (GRRC) has commissioned the University of Chichester to undertake research investigating visitor perceptions of the overall quality of the visitor experience at the Goodwood Festival of Speed and Revival. They also want to assess visitors’ views about potential new events, products and services that could be developed at Goodwood that would increase revenue without significantly increase the negative impacts currently generated by the Festival of Speed and Revival events. Scenario 8: Green policies at Sainsbury PLC The aim of the research is to establish whether there are any economic benefits from adopting green business policies at Sainsbury supermarkets. The supermarket’s Operations Manager wants to identify ways in which the economic impacts of Sainsbury’s adoption of green business polices can be measured. In particular, she is interested in the identification of costs and benefits associated with implementing green business policies at Sainsbury, and to identify the economic incentives and disincentives which Sainsbury has from its stakeholders such as customers, suppliers and government to adopt green business policies.

Top Choices of Social Justice Essay Topics

Top Choices of Social Justice Essay Topics It is a great method to comprehend what's going on in various sections of the planet and the way in which they affect Americans dwelling in the States. It's polite to treat men and women in how they feel comfortable. You're building an image of a social issue, and you want to bring up every potential side of the story. Focus on international news too. The Battle Over Social Justice Essay Topics and How to Win It This concept that institutions ought to be freely and equally readily available to individuals is called social justice. Everybody is different and changing thus making social justice clumsy and difficult to work with on an individual scale, but personal justice will remain fitting to an individual's own beliefs since they are a part of an individual's beliefs. Therefore, the personal justice for this individual is that thieves ought to be punished. In the majority of the world folks are miserable. With a little bit of zeal and hard work, you are certain to think of an impressive unlawful justice essay. Basically, possession of the 2 morals which include a feeling of justice and conception of good, constitute freedom. The idea of justice is usually analyzed with regard to fairness of distribution. Bullying has a significant impact on how someone presents themselves in society on account of the focus placed on the negatives in contrast to the positives. The One Thing to Do for Social Justice Essay Topics Therefore, students who study industry and other relevant subjects may be interested in writing on a number of the subsequent topics. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a tremendous quantity of curiosity and capability to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. These topics will be helpful for men and women who wish to compose essays about the subject ment ioned above in the shape of a normal job. They are intended to help students identify some useful sources. Where to Find Social Justice Essay Topics You also receive a great opportunity to dig more into research! You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some additional recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Strategy There are lots of distinct strategies that you can disclose in your work. If it's the first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. The Little-Known Secrets to Social Justice Essay Topics There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Before submitting your assignment, you will need to be certain that it's flawless and error-free. If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. Don't be worried if you don't have good writing skills because you need to always seek the services of an expert to finish your assignment punctually. When you know what field your essay should concentrate on, consider a number of the next topics. Sociology is, undoubtedly, a fascinating subject, particularly if you're fortunate enough to find a progressive-thinking professor. To begin with, your essay is supposed to deal with a particular social, psychological or anthropological matter. Provide a review of the complete justice essay. The 30-Second Trick for Social Justice Essay Topics There's no way in which the government could afford to pay complete tuition for every single student in the district. 200 years back, 92% of the planet lived in extreme poverty. U.S. Army There are a number of characteristics of the U.S. Army about which you are able to write. A significant part social justice education is to trust that students are ready t o assess the information we provide and utilize it in a sense that's valid, realistic and relevant to their very own lives. For that reason, it's necessary to make them experience its different elements to better their knowledge. Utilize whatever you know to reveal your comprehension of the planet, and bring out good old philosophical theories. One of the easiest kinds of resistance would have been moving my office from a building owned through an anti-immigration billionaire Trump supporter. On the flip side, the in-deterministic approach depends on the free will of the people to choose what's reasonable and just. There are various kinds of privilege. Social justice issues can happen in regard to practically any element of society where inequality can arise as a consequence of unjust prejudices or policies. 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Atlas Bear - Facts and Figures

The New York Stock Market - 1635 Words

The stock market is filled with individuals who know the price of everything, but the value of nothing,† is a relevant quote relating to the stock market during the 1920s quoted by Phillip Fisher, one of the most influential investors. The booming years of the 1920s, stocks and bonds were being sold at higher values than people could invest. Customers, banks and investors took money out of their pink piggy banks and embarked on investing in the New York Exchange Stock Exchange, nicknamed â€Å"Big Board†, on Wall Street. The New York Stock Exchange is the leading global exchange for today’s companies and customers. The New York Stock Exchange got gigantic demands from customers in the 1920s for a thrill of getting rich and effortless money. Investment companies and bankers bought up great stocks. They continued buying stocks and borrowing loans because they thought this boom would continue. The stock market grew rapidly as prosperity came into play during the 1920 s since America want all these new and exciting products. The 1920s can appear to be described as the â€Å"years of prosperity†. New inventions and technology began to gleam in the 1920s, resulting with the rise in consumerism. The celebration of technology and rise in consumerism contributed to the selling of stocks and bonds, and the formation of â€Å"Black Thursday† and â€Å"Black Tuesday†. America had many methods that took place as they would continue to confide in the stock market for their loans and finances. For example,Show MoreRelatedThe New York Stock Market1251 Words   |  6 Pages Mentioned the words stock market to anyone in the United States and you are likely to get a vast array of comments, from excitement over making lots of money, to anger of losing lots of money. Everyone seems to have an opinion about the stock market, yet only about 50 percent of Americans are invested in the stock market. 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Naturalistic Observation Free Essays

Naturalistic observation happens when they are studied naturally, which means the observer cannot control the conditions. The structured observations are set up to provoke certain behaviors of interest. These most of the time are not normal behaviors for the children who are being observed. We will write a custom essay sample on Naturalistic Observation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The benefits of using naturalistic observation is the fact that there are no factors that are making the child act different. This could limit though the responses that you get from the child because they don’t know what you are doing, and they may make themselves act a little different because they are being observed. I believe that using naturalistic observation is a good way because you can see naturally how the child is and what they do without any directions or orders. The benefits of using structured observations are you asking the children questions or giving them tasks and kind of being prepared for what they may do. This helps you compare data of children of the same age on what they would do. Structured observation This method had limits because the children aren’t acting as they would naturally, yes, they have the freedom to answer the questions to their desire or perform the task as they wish, but that isn’t how the child is naturally. This type of observation is kind of controlled observation, which could make the child feel more nervous than just getting observed. The observation style that I agree with is the naturalistic observation. I say this because you get to see how the child is naturally, without any limitations. This could help you compare the acts of children with disabilities versus the children without disabilities. Using naturalistic observation, it allows you to see the true actions and emotions of the child because you don’t have any restraints or objectives of the observation. How to cite Naturalistic Observation, Essays Naturalistic Observation Free Essays Naturalistic observation is considered as one of the basic methods in psychological research and study. This fundamental research methodology is known to divulge and aid the psychologist in his or her critical analysis of the human behavior and characteristics while in socially acceptable public domain in his or her course of interacting with other individuals in their aspect of addressing their sociological needs. In this aspect of human interaction, psychologist try to significantly analyze the human nature as shown by their actions both involving the verbal and non-verbal communication style and how individuals manifest their motives while adhering to the social values and cultures pertaining to public communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Naturalistic Observation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Naturalistic observation is commonly an actual observation of subjects mainly while they are in their course of social interaction specifically while they are in the public place. In the course of implementing this method, the researcher must also observe social values and cultural manners thus preventing any offensive act during the observation. In addition, the concept of personal privacy and inappropriate intrusion should also be constantly observed while the researcher is observing the subjects. All of these limitations must be implemented while the researcher observed the subjects in an isolated nature keeping his or her presence unnoticed and ideally absent to the personal space of the subject during their interaction. The only aspect to be focused on in this project is the psychological behavior of the subject as manifested by their very intricate details such as gestures, voice, reaction, facial expression and impression and others. Project: Naturalistic Observation In this aspect of applying the method of naturalistic observation during an actual psychological study, this author conducted a personal project using the said methodology. In this study, the researcher particularly this author will try to support the psychological hypothesis postulated by Aronson (et al, 2004) and Lesko (2000) regarding the psychological behavior and actions of individuals during an actual social interaction. This hypothesis will significantly govern the psychological observation project and will guide the researcher in establishing an interactional pattern as observed through the subjects. In this observation, the researcher presumptively hypothesized that the dominant speaker in the first part of the conversation will likely speak more frequently in the later part of the conversation. The chosen subjects are a man and a woman both Caucasians who are dining in a restaurant and are observably conversing with each other regarding a specific matter which both of them can relate. It is very apparent from the observable verbal and non-verbal aspect of their communication that the topic they are conversing is very critical as they both stresses their own involvement and awareness to it. Verbal recording is not very likely in this situation as an attempt to push this is prevented by the environment and the situation at hand however, few notes of recorded key words denotes that they are talking about a legal and ethical issue in their work environment. Words mentioned such as â€Å"management†, â€Å"chief-of-executives†, â€Å"a settlement bargain† and â€Å"what the labor union ought to do† will denote that they are both involve in the same job and in the same issue they are both probably working with. This will suggests that the situation is likely an informal meeting between the two, possible from different party, to discuss some important details regarding their business issue or a settlement for the resolution of their topic. This is established to be informal by the researcher as suggested by their attire as they are into casual wear. In non-verbal observation, the actions and gestures of the subjects will denote that they are with a professional background as their etiquettes and manners are significantly refined for the matter (Aronson et al, 2004; Lesko, 2000). In addition, their gesture mainly the speaker, at their specific chances, will suggests a clear and direct emphasis on his or her point thus suggesting that their topic is indeed of high importance (Lesko, 2000). This concept is further followed with the high intention of the other to listen carefully and then reply with his or her personal opinion on the matter with a language that is concise and direct to the point. The observed intonations and voice volume is noticeably well modulated suggesting that both of the subjects as well versed in the field of the topic and that they are cautious of offending the other. With critical and empirical observation of the subjects, this researcher has noted that the man seems to be speaking more frequently while the woman speaks primarily in response to the man’s idea. This factor suggests that the man has the part of proposal or he is the one with the main intention for the meeting, which is likely established by him. The verbal aspect of the woman can thus be regarded to be as a commentary or a supplementary mean in this conversation making her the character that the proposal is focused with. In the aspect of considering the hypothesis that is previously stated, the man is postulated to speak more frequently in the following period. And in the observed subjects, the man is indeed noted to have spoken more frequently than the woman, which establishes the hypothesized interactional pattern in the social behavior of the observed individuals. Conclusion As observed in the conducted naturalistic observation, it has been determined by this author that social interaction of individuals are indeed influenced by their natural nature and motives manifesting through the creation of the dominant speaker and the other being the receiver. The person who has the greater aim and intention in each social interaction who is more likely than one who established the said meeting has the greater possibility of becoming the main speaker in the conversation. On the other hand, the other party becomes the main receiver as his or her speech becomes supplementary or commentary with that of the other. Thus, in social interaction, it is very likely that one party manifest as the dominant side to guide and focus the conversation as he or she has the greater intention in the said interaction. Bibliography Aronson, E. Wilson T. D. Akert R. M. (2004). Social Psychology. Prentice Hall, NY, USA. 5th Edition. Lesko, W. A. (2000). Readings in Social Psychology: General, Classic and Contemporary Selections. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, USA. 5th Edition. How to cite Naturalistic Observation, Essays

The United Kingdom - A Sophisticated Retail Sector

Question: Demonstrate the influence of environmental and behavioural factors on corporate size, structure and strategy. Understand the processes of business planning and policy making and the reason for change over time. Appreciate the effects of government policies towards monopolies and restrictive practices. Answer: Introduction Carrefour founded in 1959 by Marcel Fournier and Louis Defforey now operates as a multinational retailer based on the food and grocery sector. The company recorded current annual revenue of 75.86 billion Euro during 2014 based on operating along its 10,101 locations based along different countries. The paper reflects on the international expansion plans of the French retailer in the foreign market of United Kingdom. Macro and Micro Environmental Factors in UK Market Analysis of Macro Environment Political Impacts The current government of United Kingdom focuses on enhancing the buyer potential of the residents through the generation of larger income opportunities for the different households. Increased flow of money to the hands of the UK households would help in encouraging the consumers to continue their buying spree from the retail outlets. The analysis of the political impacts thus reflects a positive impact on the food retail sector in United Kingdom(Retail Economics , 2015). Economic Impacts The productivity of the retail and wholesale food chains is observed to counter a decline during the 2013 and 2014 periods owing to increase in the level of inputs compared to the amount of outputs generated by the wholesale and retail units. The growth in the amount of labour by around 2.3 percent during 2013 affected the productivity of the food and drink based retail sector by around 3.1 percent. The food wholesale sector also reflected a decline in productivity by around 1.6 percent compared to 2013 owing to the continual increase in input volumes(Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016). The same is reflected in the following graphs. (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016) (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016) Social Impacts The consumers associated with the food and grocery retail and wholesale sector in United Kingdom are observed to reflect increased interest for an attractive store appearance along with the existence of needed customer service and also generation of potential service quality. The retail and wholesale companies are thus required for generating increased amount of investments for contributing in store expansion, enhancing store appearances and also in generating needed training to the customer service and operational staffs such that the retail staffs gain the needed potential for effectively servicing the diversified needs of customers to generate needed customer satisfaction(Wood McCarthy, 2013). The growth in the number of store outlets relating to the grocery retail sector along the period ranging from 2002 to 2013 is reflected as under. (Wood McCarthy, 2013) Technological Impacts The food retail and wholesale sector in United Kingdom reflects the incorporation of effective technologies like the multichannel marketing paradigm and also the use of agile supply chain. Both the multichannel marketing and agile supply chain technology incorporated by the retail and wholesale food and grocery retail chains require the use of different information technology gadgets and also different programs and software in that the same helps in integrating the different stakeholders like customers, suppliers, operational staffs and managers for meeting the objectives of retail productivity and performance. The incorporation of the multichannel platform contributes in effectively promoting and also in generating needed awareness about the retail and wholesale brand in the larger consumer market and also in helping customers gain a seamless shopping experience(Bevis, 2014). Legal Impacts The wholesale and retail organisations based in United Kingdom are required to strictly abide by regulation and policies regarding trading of organic food products. The trading of organic food products requires the certification to be gained from an approved organic control body (OCB). The food retail and wholesale firms face inspection from the concerned authority regarding the following of European Union (EU) standards for organic food before labelling and trading the products as organic foods(GOV.UK, 2013). Environmental Impacts Firms operating in the United Kingdom based food retail and wholesale sector are required to fulfil environmental objectives based on meeting the objectives of carbon footprint. The retail companies are required to reduce the emission levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide from its distribution and transport operations and also from its retail and supply chain operations. Further, the food retail and wholesale companies are also required to potentially reduce the amount the amount of food wastage and also potentially reduce the level of usage of plastic packets in that the same would help in protecting the natural environment(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2011). Analysis of Micro Environment Consumer Bargaining Power The availability of internet enabled gadgets like laptops, tablets, Smartphones and computers and also its enhanced use by consumers in United Kingdom has helped the latter to continually interact with the different food retail and wholesale companies for gaining an effective understanding of the offers and promotions generated by the retail firms. Similarly, the food and grocery retail and wholesale firms based on the use of internet enabled gadgets also communicate with the customers regarding new product and service offerings. The above activity helps the consumers get armed with necessary information for generating effective decisions regarding purchases of the food products(OECD, 2013). Supplier Bargaining Power The grocery and food retail and wholesale companies based in United Kingdom are required to continually interact with the suppliers and vendor firms such that the same helps in monitoring the practices of suppliers and vendors in generating ethical and organic food products(Custance et al., 2012). Existence of Substitutes The firms operating in the food and grocery retail sector in United Kingdom face potential competition from the existence of several small firms and stores operating as substitutes. The substitute units generate products at reduced rates to the consumers. Internal Rivalry Food and grocery retailers like Tesco, Morrisons, Asda and also Sainsbury tend to intensely compete with each other in the United Kingdom market. The entries of discount retailers like Aldi and Lidl have further increased the level of internal rivalry in the market(The Guardian , 2014). Entry Barriers The entry for foreign food and grocery retailers in the UK market is restricted such that the foreign firms can only take resort of importing products to the UK retailers as a means to gain an entry in the retail sector. US retail firms work with UK based importers for supplying of food and grocery products for enabling market entry in the region(Vasquez, 2016). Impact of UK Governments Policy of Merger and Acquisition The UK Governments policy on merger and acquisition is evaluated to potentially affect the profit margins of the food and grocery retail firms operating in United Kingdom. The policy on mergers of food and grocery retail firms in UK requires the food and grocery retailers to largely reduce their prices for the different products and services. The same acts as an effective incentive for the consumers at the cost of the productivity and efficiency levels of the food and grocery retailers. The UK Government encourages the event of mergers for discouraging the actions of retail and wholesale companies of charging increased prices from the consumers(Hosken et al., 2012). Further, the expansion regime of large grocery retail companies like Tesco and Sainsbury are argued by the Office of Fair Trade (OFT) and like government authorities in that the expansion activities of the large retail corporations are being conducted based on the use of mergers and acquisitions. The convenience stores and supermarkets in their bid to expand and gain a larger market share in the UK grocery and food retail market are continually absorbing small and medium retailers in the region. The same is observed to affect the business potential of these small retail units and shops. Owing to the above reason, the United Kingdom government has generated policy measures for monitoring and deterring the expansion drives of the grocery and food retailers where the same is focused on acquiring small retail firms and shops conducting business in the region. The UK Governments merger and acquisition policy regarding grocery and food retailing largely focuses on generating equal chances for the local and small retailers to compete with the large retail corporations. The government also requires greater number of shopping alternatives to be available for the local consumers other than the big supermarkets. The above view of the UK Government regarding the merger and acquisition activities of the retail firms in United Kingdom for generating needed expansions affects the growth strategy of the retail corporations(Seely, 2012). The discussion reflects that the view taken by the UK Government regarding growth strategy of retail firms based on mergers and acquisitions is taken to affect the growth strategy of Carrefour where the wholesale retailer focuses on aggressive mergers and acquisition activities to expand its market share in the global marketplace. Application of the Kurt Lewins Change Model The Change management model envisaged by Kurt Lewin is carried out along three main stages like Unfreezing, Change and thereby Freezing. The Unfreezing aspect of the model requires the business institution focusing on generating change to motivate based on identifying the different opportunities that would be gained by the retail institution while expanding in the international market. The second aspect reflects on the Changes needed to be brought about in the existing organisational culture in that the same would help in adequately making the business institution to effectively adapt the culture of the foreign market. The same requires the organisational managers to communicate the changes required of the staffs based on operational and policy changes. Finally, Refreezing activities are required to be carried out based on the generation of norms and rules that would help the business institution to operate in the changed scenario(Cummings Worley, 2014). Reflecting on the Unfreezing approach, Carrefours management ideally reflects that its venture of expanding in the international market of United Kingdom would generate potential opportunities associated with its existent online marketing paradigm and also different types of formats like discount stores, hyper and supermarkets, and convenience stores. Carrefour operating based on a large number of diversified formats is taken to counter the competition in the UK grocery and food retail sector. Moreover, Carrefour also reflects needed potential of meeting consumer expectations for UK consumers regarding gaining of quality products from large stores at affordable rates(Schroeder, 2012). Reflecting on the Change aspect, the staffs and managers of Carrefour need to potentially understand the need for longer working hours and meeting tasks within strict deadlines. Further, the British working culture also reflects the need to conduct frequent meetings based on an unplanned fashion in major cases. However, planned meetings are also generated based on generating notifications to the staffs based on writing. The British operating culture also reflect the need for making effective presentations based on use of British accent. The same requires Carrefour for training its staffs to speak based on British accent. Carrefour to conduct its business operations in United Kingdom also requires understanding the need for teamwork and requires its managers for working in a collaborative fashion while taking decisions(Nanquette, 2013). Finally, reflecting on the aspect of Refreezing Carrefours managers need to enforce rules as long working hours, information sharing, working based on a team culture and collaborative framework to achieve organisational goals. Further, the staffs are also required to focus on developing British accent and also work to make effective presentations for sharing of potential information and decisions. Conclusion The analysis of the macro and micro environmental factors regarding Carrefours entry into United Kingdom reflects a mixture of motivators and challenges that are required to be identified by the retail institution as opportunities and threats while endeavouring to gain an entry into the foreign UK food retail market. Challenges are also reflected based on the UK governments stand regarding merger and acquisition based expansion strategy used by Carrefour. The Kurt Lewin model is also incorporated that would help Carrefour for effectively expanding in the UK retail market. Recommendations Carrefour is required to form effective partnership and ties with importing firms in United Kingdom in that the same helps the food wholesaler for developing an effective presence in the foreign territory. The French wholesaler is further required to form effective relationship with potential suppliers and vendors for gaining access to quality products and marketing them to consumers at affordable rates. Use of online marketing paradigm on an effective scale would help Carrefour in gaining needed penetration in the foreign market. References Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2011. The United Kingdom - A Sophisticated Retail Sector. [Online] Available at: https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-region/europe/market-intelligence/the-united-kingdom-a-sophisticated-retail-sector/?id=1410083148597 [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Bevis, M., 2014. The future of the grocery sector in the UK. [Online] Available at: https://www.retailthinktank.co.uk/whitepaper/the-future-of-the-grocery-sector-in-the-uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Cummings, T.G. Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization Development and Change. United States : Cengage Learning. Custance, P., Harness, D. Lindgreen, A., 2012. Market Orientation: Transforming Food and Agribusiness around the Customer. United Kingdom : Gower Publishing. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016. Total Factor Productivity of the United Kingdom Food Chain 2014 - provisional estimate. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/495683/foodchainanalysis-productivity-statsnotice-28jan16.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2016]. GOV.UK, 2013. Organic certification and standards. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/organic-certification-and-standards [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Hosken, D., Olson, L.M. Smith, L.K., 2012. Do Retail Mergers Affect Competition? Evidence from Grocery Retailing. Washington DC: FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION. Nanquette, L., 2013. Orientalism Versus Occidentalism: Literary and Cultural Imaging Between France and Iran Since the Islamic Revolution. France : I.B.Tauris. OECD, 2013. Competition Issues in the Food Chain Industry. [Online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/CompetitionIssuesintheFoodChainIndustry.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Retail Economics , 2015. Outlook for the retail sector in 2015. [Online] Available at: https://www.retaileconomics.co.uk/insights/outlook-for-the-retail-sector-in-2015.asp [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Schroeder, A., 2012. Entry strategy for Carrefour for entry into the UK market. United Kingdom : GRIN Verlag. Seely, A., 2012. Supermarkets : competition inquiries into the groceries market. United Kingdom: House of Commons. The Guardian , 2014. Brutal competition batters supermarkets the world over. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/05/supermarkets-discounters-europe-us-china-japan [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Vasquez, J., 2016. United Kingdom Retail Foods 2015. United Kingdom: GAIN Report. Wood, S. McCarthy, D., 2013. The UK Food Retail Race for Space and Market Saturation: A Contemporary Review. [Online] Available at: https://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/797766/1/The%20UK%20Food%20Retail%20Race%20for%20Space.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2016].